There’s
a tendency to rapsodise about the lost world of silent
movie going, the prime years of which ran until the late
-1920s. How can one imagine those old Roxys and Cameos
without conjuring them as Last Picture Shows where
Americans learned to yearn, as dime-store dream palaces
where adventure and beauty reigned in larger-than-life
display? Nostalgia, however, carries us only so far toward
understanding the place of these silent classics in
contemporary movie culture. Sentimental memories may
overlook a fundamental point: popular entertainment is
first of all a commercial culture, created and
disseminated for private profit. Mainstream distributors
are unmindful of the huge dedication that composers still
bring to the genre, breathing new life into classic works
by directors such as Chaplin, Keaton, Eisenstein and Gance.
Instead they regard the screening of silent films as
branches of movie commerce – links, however unique and
unusual, in a chain of motion-picture production,
distribution, and exhibition that encircles the globe.
Most
people won’t watch silent films as they think of the
jumpy movements and melodramatic plots, which is actually
not accurate in much early material. There are many
silents that are works of art and need to be seen, either
accompanied by the traditional keyboard player
‘vamping’ on cinema organ or piano, or by a new and
original score arranged for orchestra.
The
current vogue
for silent film screenings accompanied by live music is
truly international. Like opera, it can be done in a grand
space with sixty-piece orchestra, or in a village hall
with an upright piano. In America, old silent cinemas have
been restored and there is growing enthusiasm, especially
among the young, to discover the classics of the 1920s.
In the UK the phenomenon is concentrated in London,
focusing on the celebrated achievements of Kevin Brownlow’s
Photoplay Productions and a few well-known composers, such
as Carl Davis and Philip Glass (both of whom are
Americans.) For
almost a decade, during the late 1980s and early 1990s,
Channel 4 Television supported Photoplay in print
restoration, music commission and live performance at both
The Royal Festival Hall and the Barbican – two of
London’s greatest venues. The revitalised films,
combined with new music, were subsequently broadcast on
Channel 4 – as were new art house movies from Asia,
Europe, North and South America. Sadly, those golden days
of enlightenment are long over. Even Sky’s Artsworld
satellite channel, although dedicated to promoting the
arts in all its forms, hasn’t the financial resource to
support their return.
By
contrast, the Netherlands nurtures live music for silent
film. Amsterdam impresarios and regional orchestras
frequently promote the genre. Way back in November 1982,
Leonid Trauberg (1901-1990) came to Eindhoven to see – for
the first time in 53 years – his film The New Babylon,
accompanied
by Shostakovich’s music. He told the press it was
the happiest day of his life. Trauberg visited the
Netherlands again in 1983 and 1984 during which all
surviving pictures he made with co-director Grigori
Kozintsev (1904-1973)
were screened. The performance proved overwhelming for an
established North-Brabant composer, Jo van den Booren.
Having enjoyed worldwide success and a Deutsche Gramofon
recording with his score to Carl Dreyer’s 1928
masterpiece, La Passion de Jeanne d’Arc,
van den Booren was looking for another silent film
with similar qualities.
Seeing the illustrious Soviet cinema
pioneers
Kozinstev and Trauberg’s The Overcoat (1926) – based on
the short story by Gogol – did the trick.
It
is not only the enthusiasm of composers and producers such
as Carl Davis and Kevin Brownlow that keeps silent films
vital and alive, but also the zeal of independent film
festival directors and small-time promoters. These
dedicated sleuths reveal that misappropriation and
negligence have been regular failings of many film
companies. La Passion de Jeanne d’Arc
was an undisputed product owned by the famous
French production company Gaumont Films. However,
according to Brownlow, the original Gaumont Company ceased
to exist during the last century and a new company,
trading under the same name, simply assumed the rights to
the Dreyer film.
Unlike
books, films result from a corporate effort.
Copyright in a book ends 50 years after the
author’s death, but the law appears somewhat hazier when
applied to makers of films: the screenwriter, director and
producer. Under British law, the ‘author’ of a film is
generally assumed to be the producer, an interpretation
that naturally offends writers and directors. The European
Community, on the other hand, takes its lead from France,
where the primary author of a film is the director while
others, including the scriptwriter, can be named as
co-authors. Although this practice is applied to more
recent productions, where the provenance is known, for
many films of the silent era the way has remained open to
more imaginative attributions and assertions.
Unfortunately,
the
importance of archiving silent films wasn’t realized until
often it was too late and many classic films were either
lost for good or survived badly damaged.
There are many reasons for this: due to the high
cost of film, or because after an initial success, prints
were destroyed to save on storage costs. Old prints
naturally became worn and on their re-evaluation at the
arrival of the talkie era, they were considered worthless.
Those silent film companies that didn’t go out of
business frequently found the cost of archiving films was
too high.
During
the silent era, cellulose nitrate film was used for the
majority of films. It is a highly flammable and unstable
compound, with a life of between thirty and eighty years.
The decomposition of nitrate film cannot be halted,
although in the right conditions, it can be slowed. Many
years ago Universal Pictures melted down a stash of its
silent films in order to salvage the silver and in 1948
dumped the remainder to free up storage space for its new
films. In a scandal of similar proportions, all of Samuel
Goldwyn’s silent productions were destroyed to save
money on insurance premiums. Nowadays we look back in
horror, realising that film is an art form, possessing its
own history. However, the destruction of art by other
artists is nothing new. Due to lack of available space,
many frescoes completed in the Early Renaissance were
over-painted by in a ‘newer’ style. Imagine the outcry
if the majority of impressionist paintings had been
destroyed simply because Cubism had arrived!
Restoring
film is quite time consuming, and is best done if the reel
is in 35mm
format.
Many of the Charlie Chan movies were declared lost, but in
2001 Fox found and restored 24 Charlie Chan films produced
by 20th
Century Fox – including the legendary lost 1929 film Behind
That Curtain.
Some
films are just overlooked. When James Mason bought and
lived in Buster Keaton’s old Italian Villa, he found a
hidden room that contained reels of Keaton’s films. This
was a gold mine, as discoveries of old silent films are
rare enough and unless properly stored, degrade quickly.
MGM
held onto more films than any other company (Although,
Disney did a pretty good job), and they were the most
thorough of the major studios to transfer everything
photographed on nitrate film to safety stock, starting a
major project to do this in the late 1960s. The work
eventually covered an almost twenty year period, and cost
over $30,000,000. Everything was converted, no matter how
obscure, in this worthy mission. Unfortunately, some time
between 1967 and 1972, a major vault fire (Vault #7) in
Culver City destroyed many of the films that were awaiting
restoration.
There
have been countless fires at all vaults owned by the major
studios – both in the movie industry and in the music
industry. Fire sprinklers aren’t much help as they ruin
the materials. Since the 1960s, many new techniques of
storage have been implemented, including gas extinguishers
that withdraw the oxygen. However, It became so expensive
to keep a vault at just the right temperature and humidity
that companies began using salt mines, which contain these
elements naturally. If the local environment is not
compromised, a fire is unlikely. Fox Studio still owns a
salt mine in Kansas where they store over one million
films.
Although
every year newspapers report the rediscovery of a classic,
90 percent of all the silent films ever made remain listed
as ‘lost’. But a film doesn’t have to be old to be
lost or underplayed.
Worse things have happened. Sometimes it has been
‘misunderstood.’ There are still film companies who
undervalue, or simply don’t appreciate, the works of art
stored in their archives.
In
1930 Dmitry Shostakovich was commissioned to write an
original score for the silent film Odna,
(Alone), a realistic feature film, and undoubtedly one of the most
beautiful pictures ever produced by the Soviet-Russian
cinema. Odna
stars Yelena Kousmina as a very young bright and happy
Leningrad teacher. Very much against her will she is told
to go to the Altai mountain area, to start a school for
the young children of illiterate shepherds. In the Altai
the community adores her but she experiences hostility
from both the traditional rulers in the district and the
responsible Communist Party representative.
Abducted
by a cattle-trader, Kousmina barely survives the Siberian
winter and frostbite when she is lost in the snow.
Villagers rescue the young woman just in time. She is
taken to a hospital in Novosibirsk by a plane but promises
the school children to return to continue her work. Odna
has a tremendous dramatic quality and a rare emotional
impact even for a Russian film of that time.
Shostakovich’s music very much contributes to the film’s
passionately emotional appeal.
During
the 1941 Leningrad siege the Soyuzkino / Lenfilm complex
was consumed by fire. Three of the Kozintsev and Trauberg
films were completely destroyed along with film scripts,
music, studio material and costumes.
In
the mid-sixties the Russian State Film Archive
Gosfilmofond restored the film using different sources.
Apart from a fragment from the last but one act the whole
film could be reconstructed in its original form. The
sheet music from the missing scenes survived, containing
the only music Shostakovich wrote for the ‘Theremin’ (Termenvox,
the earliest electronic musical instrument, from which a
humming sound is produced by manipulating a radio
frequency).
When
Odna was shot
and Shostakovich had composed his score (for soloists,
chorus, large orchestra) Soyuzkino decided to release the
film with a sound track. It was to be one of the first
Soviet-Russian sound films. Thus the music was recorded
and during post-production a few sound effects and
monologues, usually coming from loudspeakers, were added.
Aesthetically Odna
largely remained a silent film with a music score and
title cards.
English
conductor Mark Fitz-Gerald, in partnership with Theodore
van Houten and Nic Raine have restored the 1930 score (Opus
26) in an initiative of the Dutch Film in Concert
Foundation, authorized by the Dmitry Shostakovich Estate
and the composer’s publishers and supervised by
Shostakovich’s pupil and biographer, the Polish composer
and musicologist Krzysztof Meyer.
Odna
certainly had some success during the brief period of its
original release. However during the first Five Year Plan
it became apparent that the film contained elements of
serious criticism, and doubts about the utopian communist
state. For instance, the character of the official
responsible for sending an inexperienced adolescent to the
outskirts of Siberia identifiably represents Krupskaya,
Lenin’s widow. She is only seen from the rear: the State
has no face! Odna
was not distributed, hardly exported and shelved by the
mid-thirties because of its noticeable ‘cultural
pessimism’.
Silent
Sound Films promotes new symphonic scores to accompany classic silent films. www.silentsoundfilms.co.uk
American
Movie Classics
helps protect the nation’s film heritage with an annual
Film Preservation Festival. In conjunction with The Film
Foundation, a consortium of seven of America’s pre-eminent
film archives, AMC has to date raised nearly $2 million. www.amctv.com
Article
first published in Contemporary
Review, Oxford, 2003
Timothy Foster
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